C# - What's new?

Readonly members

You can apply the readonly modifier to any member of a struct. It indicates that the member does not modify state. It's more granular than applying the readonly modifier to a struct declaration.

Notice that the readonly modifier is necessary on a read only property. The compiler doesn't assume get accessors do not modify state; you must declare readonly explicitly. The compiler does enforce the rule that readonly members do not modify state.

This feature lets you specify your design intent so the compiler can enforce it, and make optimizations based on that intent.

Default interface members

You can now add members to interfaces and provide an implementation for those members. This language feature enables API authors to add methods to an interface in later versions without breaking source or binary compatibility with existing implementations of that interface. Existing implementations inherit the default implementation.

More patterns in more places

switch expressions

Often, a switch statement produces a value in each of its case blocks. Switch expressions enable you to use more concise expression syntax. There are fewer repetitive case and break keywords, and fewer curly braces.

public enum Rainbow
{
    Red,
    Orange,
    Yellow,
    Green,
    Blue,
    Indigo,
    Violet
}

public static RGBColor FromRainbow(Rainbow colorBand) =>
    colorBand switch
    {
        Rainbow.Red    => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00),
        Rainbow.Orange => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00),
        Rainbow.Yellow => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00),
        Rainbow.Green  => new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00),
        Rainbow.Blue   => new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF),
        Rainbow.Indigo => new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82),
        Rainbow.Violet => new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3),
        _              => throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(colorBand)),
    };

There are several syntax improvements here:

• The variable comes before the switch keyword. The different order makes it visually easy to distinguish the switch expression from the switch statement.

• The case and : elements are replaced with =>. It's more concise and intuitive.

• The default case is replaced with a _ discard.

• The bodies are expressions, not statements.

Contrast that with the equivalent code using the classic switch statement:

public static RGBColor FromRainbowClassic(Rainbow colorBand)
{
    switch (colorBand)
    {
        case Rainbow.Red:
            return new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00);
        case Rainbow.Orange:
            return new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00);
        case Rainbow.Yellow:
            return new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00);
        case Rainbow.Green:
            return new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00);
        case Rainbow.Blue:
            return new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF);
        case Rainbow.Indigo:
            return new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82);
        case Rainbow.Violet:
            return new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3);
        default:
            throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(colorBand));
    };
}

Property patterns

The property pattern enables you to match on properties of the object examined.

public static decimal ComputeSalesTax(Address location, decimal salePrice) =>
    location switch
    {
        { State: "WA" } => salePrice * 0.06M,
        { State: "MN" } => salePrice * 0.75M,
        { State: "MI" } => salePrice * 0.05M,
        // other cases removed for brevity...
        _ => 0M
    };

Pattern matching creates a concise syntax for expressing this algorithm.

Tuple patterns

Some algorithms depend on multiple inputs. Tuple patterns allow you to switch based on multiple values expressed as a tuple. The following code shows a switch expression for the game rock, paper, scissors:

public static string RockPaperScissors(string first, string second)
    => (first, second) switch
    {
        ("rock", "paper") => "rock is covered by paper. Paper wins.",
        ("rock", "scissors") => "rock breaks scissors. Rock wins.",
        ("paper", "rock") => "paper covers rock. Paper wins.",
        ("paper", "scissors") => "paper is cut by scissors. Scissors wins.",
        ("scissors", "rock") => "scissors is broken by rock. Rock wins.",
        ("scissors", "paper") => "scissors cuts paper. Scissors wins.",
        (_, _) => "tie"
    };

The messages indicate the winner. The discard case represents the three combinations for ties, or other text inputs.

Positional patterns

Some types include a Deconstruct method that deconstructs its properties into discrete variables. When a Deconstruct method is accessible, you can use positional patterns to inspect properties of the object and use those properties for a pattern. Consider the following Point class that includes a Deconstruct method to create discrete variables for X and Y:

public class Point
{
    public int X { get; }
    public int Y { get; }

    public Point(int x, int y) => (X, Y) = (x, y);

    public void Deconstruct(out int x, out int y) =>
        (x, y) = (X, Y);
}

Additionally, consider the following enum that represents various positions of a quadrant:

public enum Quadrant
{
    Unknown,
    Origin,
    One,
    Two,
    Three,
    Four,
    OnBorder
}

The following method uses the positional pattern to extract the values of x and y. Then, it uses a when clause to determine the Quadrant of the point:C#Copy

static Quadrant GetQuadrant(Point point) => point switch
{
    (0, 0) => Quadrant.Origin,
    var (x, y) when x > 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.One,
    var (x, y) when x < 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.Two,
    var (x, y) when x < 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Three,
    var (x, y) when x > 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Four,
    var (_, _) => Quadrant.OnBorder,
    _ => Quadrant.Unknown
};

The discard pattern in the preceding switch matches when either x or y is 0, but not both. A switch expression must either produce a value or throw an exception. If none of the cases match, the switch expression throws an exception. The compiler generates a warning for you if you do not cover all possible cases in your switch expression.

using declarations

A using declaration is a variable declaration preceded by the using keyword. It tells the compiler that the variable being declared should be disposed at the end of the enclosing scope. For example, consider the following code that writes a text file:

static void WriteLinesToFile(IEnumerable<string> lines)
{
    using var file = new System.IO.StreamWriter("WriteLines2.txt");
    foreach (string line in lines)
    {
        // If the line doesn't contain the word 'Second', write the line to the file.
        if (!line.Contains("Second"))
        {
            file.WriteLine(line);
        }
    }
// file is disposed here
}

In the preceding example, the file is disposed when the closing brace for the method is reached. That's the end of the scope in which file is declared. The preceding code is equivalent to the following code using the classic using statements statement:

static void WriteLinesToFile(IEnumerable<string> lines)
{
    using (var file = new System.IO.StreamWriter("WriteLines2.txt"))
    {
        foreach (string line in lines)
        {
            // If the line doesn't contain the word 'Second', write the line to the file.
            if (!line.Contains("Second"))
            {
                file.WriteLine(line);
            }
        }
    } // file is disposed here
}

In the preceding example, the file is disposed when the closing brace associated with the using statement is reached.

In both cases, the compiler generates the call to Dispose(). The compiler generates an error if the expression in the using statement is not disposable.

Static local functions

You can now add the static modifier to local functions to ensure that local function doesn't capture (reference) any variables from the enclosing scope. Doing so generates CS8421, "A static local function can't contain a reference to <variable>."

Consider the following code. The local function LocalFunction accesses the variable y, declared in the enclosing scope (the method M). Therefore, LocalFunction can't be declared with the static modifier:

int M()
{
    int y;
    LocalFunction();
    return y;

    void LocalFunction() => y = 0;
}

The following code contains a static local function. It can be static because it doesn't access any variables in the enclosing scope:

int M()
{
    int y = 5;
    int x = 7;
    return Add(x, y);

    static int Add(int left, int right) => left + right;
}

Disposable ref structs

A struct declared with the ref modifier may not implement any interfaces and so cannot implement IDisposable. Therefore, to enable a ref struct to be disposed, it must have an accessible void Dispose() method. This also applies to readonly ref structdeclarations.

Nullable reference types

Inside a nullable annotation context, any variable of a reference type is considered to be a nonnullable reference type. If you want to indicate that a variable may be null, you must append the type name with the ? to declare the variable as a nullable reference type.

Nullable reference types aren't checked to ensure they aren't assigned or initialized to null. However, the compiler uses flow analysis to ensure that any variable of a nullable reference type is checked against null before it's accessed or assigned to a nonnullable reference type.

Asynchronous streams

Starting with C# 8.0, you can create and consume streams asynchronously. A method that returns an asynchronous stream has three properties:

1. It's declared with the async modifier.

2. It returns an IAsyncEnumerable<T>.
3. The method contains yield return statements to return successive elements in the asynchronous stream.

Consuming an asynchronous stream requires you to add the await keyword before the foreach keyword when you enumerate the elements of the stream. Adding the await keyword requires the method that enumerates the asynchronous stream to be declared with the async modifier and to return a type allowed for an async method. Typically that means returning a Task or Task<TResult>. It can also be a ValueTask or ValueTask<TResult>. A method can both consume and produce an asynchronous stream, which means it would return an IAsyncEnumerable<T>. The following code generates a sequence from 0 to 19, waiting 100 ms between generating each number:

public static async System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<int> GenerateSequence()
{
    for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
    {
        await Task.Delay(100);
        yield return i;
    }
}

You would enumerate the sequence using the await foreach statement:

await foreach (var number in GenerateSequence())
{
    Console.WriteLine(number);
}

Indices and ranges

Ranges and indices provide a succinct syntax for specifying subranges in an array, Span<T>, or ReadOnlySpan<T>.

This language support relies on two new types, and two new operators.

• System.Index represents an index into a sequence.
• The ^ operator, which specifies that an index is relative to the end of the sequence.

• System.Range represents a sub range of a sequence.
• The Range operator (..), which specifies the start and end of a range as is operands.

Let's start with the rules for indexes. Consider an array sequence. The 0 index is the same as sequence[0]. The ^0 index is the same as sequence[sequence.Length]. Note that sequence[^0] does throw an exception, just as sequence[sequence.Length] does. For any number n, the index ^n is the same as sequence.Length - n.

A range specifies the start and end of a range. The start of the range is inclusive, but the end of the range is exclusive, meaning the start is included in the range but the end is not included in the range. The range [0..^0] represents the entire range, just as [0..sequence.Length] represents the entire range.

var words = new string[]
{
                // index from start    index from end
    "The",      // 0                   ^9
    "quick",    // 1                   ^8
    "brown",    // 2                   ^7
    "fox",      // 3                   ^6
    "jumped",   // 4                   ^5
    "over",     // 5                   ^4
    "the",      // 6                   ^3
    "lazy",     // 7                   ^2
    "dog"       // 8                   ^1
};              // 9 (or words.Length) ^0

You can retrieve the last word with the ^1 index:

Console.WriteLine($"The last word is {words[^1]}");
// writes "dog"

The following code creates a subrange with the words "quick", "brown", and "fox". It includes words[1] through words[3]. The element words[4] is not in the range.

var quickBrownFox = words[1..4];

The following code creates a subrange with "lazy" and "dog". It includes words[^2] and words[^1]. The end index words[^0] is not included:C#Copy

var lazyDog = words[^2..^0];

The following examples create ranges that are open ended for the start, end, or both:

var allWords = words[..]; // contains "The" through "dog".
var firstPhrase = words[..4]; // contains "The" through "fox"
var lastPhrase = words[6..]; // contains "the", "lazy" and "dog"

You can also declare ranges as variables:

Range phrase = 1..4;

The range can then be used inside the [ and ] characters:

var text = words[phrase];